It is also needed to modify the amplitude (low/high) and form (analogue/digital) of the output signals into respective acceptable limits and form which will be suitable to the systems. This set of Instrumentation Transducers Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on ” Force Measurement”. Mechanical Engineering MCQ questions and answers for an engineering student to practice, GATE exam, interview, competitive examination and entrance exam. Which of the following arrangements are used in load cells? Which of the following represents correct relationship for strain in ring-type load cell? b) Small weights only Tantalum also is used for highly corrosive, high temperature applications. ... an elastic force that stretches or pulls on the molecules in matter. The movement of the tip is ideally proportional to the pressure applied. The shape of the elastic element used in load cells depends on a number of factors, including the range of force to be measured, dimensional limits, final performance, and production costs. Thus before sending these signals to the system it is essential to remove the noise, non linearity associated with the raw output from a sensor or a transducer. Elastic pressure elements or mechanical type of transducers are used for measurement of very high pressures up to about 700MN/m^2. View Answer, 10. Data is transmitted in the form of light.It is used for measuring displacement,torsion. 1. View Answer. grounding can be of two types. b) Force to displacement 100) What is fiber optic transducer? What are the different elastic transducers used for the pressure measurement? b) Force is a vector quantity Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is widely used for measuring the elasticity of living cells yielding values ranging from 100 Pa to 100 kPa, much larger than those obtained using bead-tracking microrheology or micropipette aspiration (100–500 Pa). a measure of the force of gravity on an object. There are various electrical and electronic components are used to build the circuits and projects for engineering students. Tantalum also is used for highly corrosive, high temperature applications. Most pressure measuring devices use elastic members for sensing pressure at the primary stage. View Answer, 6. The SI unit applied to elasticity is the pascal (Pa), which is used to measure the modulus of deformation and elastic limit. However, many sensors produce signals of the order of milli volts. Ballastic tests are used in magnetic measurements for the determination of: a) Flux density of the specimen b) B-H curve of the specimen c) Hysteresis loop of the specimen d) All the above. For these processes the transducer signal is superimposed on a high frequency wave form called carrier in such a way that it is impossible later to recover & display the original signal. Which of the following statement is true for force? Elasticity is a physical property of a material whereby the material returns to its original shape after having been stretched out or altered by force. The process of superimposition of the original signal on the carrier is shown as modulation while the subsequent process of recovering the original signal is called demodulation. The considerations provided in the paper indicate certain flaws and simplifications resulting from the fact that damping characteristics are assumed as the function of input velocity only, which is the case of simulation studies. PakMcqs is the Pakistan's largest Mcqs website, where you can find Mcqs of all subjects. As a special case, silver diaphragms can be used to measure the pressure of chlorine, fluorine, and other halogens in their elemental state. A pupil used the apparatus shown in the diagram to investigate the relationship between the force applied and the extension produced in the spring by that force. Elastic elements used for measurement of force give a. In Imperial units, stiffness is typically measured in pounds(lbs) per inch.. Generally speaking, deflections (or motions) of an infinitesimal element (which is viewed as a point) in an elastic body can occur along multiple DOF (maximum of six DOF at a point). The paper presents results of research on hydraulic automotive shock absorbers. Download our mobile app and study on-the-go. – To be an energy-dissipating effect, a device must exert a force opposite to the velocity; power is always negative when the force and velocity have opposite directions. The Bourdon tube (invented by Eugene Bourdon, 1808–84) ( Fig 3.10 ) and the diaphragm ( Fig 3.11 ) … Force is everywhere and it comes in a variety of sizes, directions, and type. Diaphragm element can also be used for force measurement. These instruments are used for a wide range of tasks including measuring the power of an engine, measuring the grip strength of a person and studying combustion. It's the best way to discover useful content. momentum. It is relatively cheap and is commonly used for measuring the gauge pressure of both gaseous and liquid fluids. Within an electronic load cell, the gravitational force on the body being measured is applied to an elastic element. c) Force to voltage a) Force to strain You must be logged in to read the answer. These noise signals may occur at the detector/transducer stage or the signal processing stage of the instrument. All low level electrical circuits need some form of grounding for one or both of the following reasons: Chassis ground connection to the shielding enclosure within which the circuitry is mounted. the product of an object's mass and velocity. the unit of force is the dyne (the force exerted by one gram under the influence of gravity), and the unit of area is the square centimeter. 10. The unit of measurement for force is the newton, symbolized by the letter N and named in honor of the English physicist Isaac Newton. During a measurement, weight acts on the load cell’s metal spring element and causes elastic deformation.. a) Used for measuring small forces D)neither the units used to measure price nor the units used to measure quantity. the tendency of an object to resist any change in its motion. (iii.) The types of pressure sensors are differentiated according to the amount of differential pressure they are able to measure. d) None of the mentioned From Figure 7.4 Spring force ANSWER : A. Helical type. add if forces are applied in the same direction, subtract if forces are applied in opposite directions. 12. This low level input signals from sensors must be amplified to use them for further control action. C)the units used to measure price but not the units used to measure quantity. ... type of elastic force that occurs when matter is squeezed or pushed together. Mechanical Engineering MCQ questions and answers especially for the Mechanical Engineer and who preparing for GATE Exam. An important aspect taken into account when determining parameters of damping performed by car shock absorbers at a testing station is the permissible range of characteristics of a shock absorber of t… The filter allows a band of frequencies known as pass band to pass through while ideally all the remaining frequencies called attenuation band are filtered out. View Answer, 4. The tip is connected to a spring loaded link-work and a geared sector and pinion arrangement which amplifies the displacement of tip and converts into the deflection of the pointer. d) Both force to strain and force to displacement In this case the grounding process does not involve earth at all. Give two examples of periodic motion. 15.6 Bourdon Tube. When we express measurement taken with elastic tape, we have to tell whether the tape was stretched. Elasticity is a physical property of a material whereby the material returns to its original shape after having been stretched out or altered by force. The signals given by a transducer may be nonlinear in nature or may contain noise. Substances that display a high degree of elasticity are termed "elastic." weight. In the amplification stage both the measured signal & the noise are amplified. Which of the following can be measured using a Ring-type load cell? Pressure Measurement Multiple Choice Questions. View Answer, 3. All Rights Reserved. tension. Ques.69. View Answer, 5. These extremely small changes can be acquired with strain gauges. These short objective type questions with answers are very important for Board exams as well as competitive exams. a) Large weight b) Compressive strain gauges Go ahead and login, it'll take only a minute. (i.) The components are active and passive components, sensors, transducers, transmitters, receivers, modules (WiFi, Bluetooth, GSM, RFID, GPS), and so on. b) Pendulum. d) None of the mentioned As a special case, silver diaphragms can be used to measure the pressure of chlorine, fluorine, and other halogens in their elemental state. 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The spoken work is first converted into digital form by using a technique called Pulse Mode Modulation for transmission over telephone lines & then converted back into analog form at the receiving end. One dyne per square centimeter is one hundred-thousandth (10−5) of a pascal. Illustrate the working principle of any one in details. The sensor/transducer stage of the instrument produces a signal which is of the same form as the measured parameter but the instrument also picks up from surrounding noise signals with a higher frequency fn. For example, a point on a horizontal beam can undergo both a vertical displacement and a rotation relative to its undeformed axis. 10. a) True (ii.) Operational amplifiers (op-amp) are widely used for amplification of input signals. b) Small weight There are three main types of pressure elements. High sensitivity and slow response if they are stiff b. If yes, how much. Alan S. Morris, Reza Langari, in Measurement and Instrumentation (Second Edition), 2016. The linkage is constructed for optimum linearity and minimum hysteresis as well as to compensate for wear which may develop over the time. To measure large force; measure several thousand “g” Characteristics depend upon temperature. a measure of how much matter is in an object. you can also Contribute to Pak Mcqs. B)the units used to measure price and the units used to measure quantity. A period of rapid population growth between a preindustrial, stable population characterized by high birth and death rates and a later, modern, stable population marked by low fertility and mortality is known as c) Weights moving in high speed Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. c) Used for measuring dynamic forces Multiple-Choice Questions 1. The graph was recorded from the results. Hence it is very difficult to tell the measurement taken from an elastic tape. 101) Compare digital transducer with analog. Which of the following device can be used for force measurement? View Answer, 7. These elastic members are of many types and convert the pressure into mechanical displacement which is later converted into an electrical form using a secondary transducer. With neat sketches discuss significance of following aspects of signal conditionings for any one of the sensors: amplification, conversion, filtering, modulation/demodulation, and grounding. Join our social networks below and stay updated with latest contests, videos, internships and jobs! View Answer, 8. Which of the following conversion is correct for load cell? Traditional engineers in Britain often use pounds and square inches as their measures of “force… b) False This is the type of grounding employed for aircraft and space craft circuitry. There are three main types of pressure elements. a) (1.08 F R)/(E b t2) gives a schematic representation of the modulation/demodulation process. As the name "spring element" suggests, the steel is slightly deformed under load, but then returns to its starting position, responding elastically to every load. Pressure gauges using Bourdon tube find wide applications because of their simple design and low cost, and are most commonly used for local indications and for signal transmission to remote locations. 7. Force application causes deformation or deflection on these elastic elements wherein the movement is then sensed by the strain gauge. take online Mcqs Quiz test. The simplest type of load cell is a bending beam with a strain gauge. Fig. a) True Sensors are sophisticated devices that are frequently used to detect and respond to electrical or optical signals. It is the process of eliminating unwanted components of a measurand while allowing desired components to pass. Consider an infinitesimal element du at x = u. 2. Anderson Bridge is used to measure: a) L b) C c) V d) I. Load cells are used for measuring _______________ Pressure Measurement Multiple Choice Questions and Answers for competitive exams. In Imperial units, stiffness is typically measured in pounds(lbs) per inch.. Generally speaking, deflections (or motions) of an infinitesimal element (which is viewed as a point) in an elastic body can occur along multiple DOF (maximum of six DOF at a point). Diaphragm. Conversely in some situations where the data is received in the digital form it may be necessary to use a digital to analog converter to convert the signal into continuous uninterrupted output. There are three types of Bourdon elements and they are: We can define Force as the push or pull of an object. The degree of linearity depends upon the quality of gauge from oval to circular, and this tends to straighten out the tube. d) None of the mentioned To practice all areas of Instrumentation Transducers, here is complete set of 1000+ Multiple Choice Questions and Answers. C type The internal force is the elastic force acting on the elastic strip which attempts to make the strip contract to the smallest possible size. A period of rapid population growth between a preindustrial, stable population characterized by high birth and death rates and a later, modern, stable population marked by low fertility and mortality is known as The spring element is usually made of steel or aluminum. To provide a drainage path for unwanted current. 11.6.3 Internal Forces. Work measurement has been defined by British Standard Institution as, “The application of techniques designed to establish the time for a qualified worker to carry out a specified job at a defined level of performance”.This time is called standard or allowed time. The SI unit applied to elasticity is the pascal (Pa), which is used to measure the modulus of deformation and elastic limit. Pointer, P, was used to read the scale. View Answer, 2. The Bourdon tube is also an elastic-element type of pressure transducer. d) None of the mentioned Sanfoundry Global Education & Learning Series – Instrumentation Transducers. These short solved questions or quizzes are provided by Gkseries. For low differential pressure measurement Liquid Column Manometers are used. To provide an electrical reference for various sections of the device. This process mainly includes a sensing element to sense the i… The system then needs an analog to digital converter to change the sensed data from analog to digital form. A dynamometer is capable of measuring different kinds of force such as mechanical force and muscular force. Convert a pressure measurement of 20 PSIA into units of inches water column (gauge) (A) 1321” H2O (B) 510.1” H2O (C) 701.2” H2O (D) 146.7” H2O (E) 960.5” H2O. Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Substances that display a high degree of elasticity are termed "elastic." Bellows (iii.) Question 1. Each of these devices converts a fluid pressure into a force. Find answer to specific questions by searching them here. The tube which is oval in section is formed into an arc of 250˚ & hence the name is C. One end called the tip of the tube is sealed and is called free end, is attached by a light link-work to a mechanism which operates the pointer. Various applications of control system such as machine tool control unit of a CNC machine tool accept voltage amplitudes in range of 0 to 10Volts. tool used to measure force. a) Force is a scalar quantity Most mechanical instruments produce an output signal in the analog form. calculating force. If unrestrained, the natural elastic properties of the element will produce a motion proportional to the applied pressure. The other end of the tube is fixed to a socket where the pressure to be measured is applied. Diaphragm element can also be used for force measurement. Elastic type pressure gauges are also used for pressure measurement up to 700 MPa. Strain Gauge is a passive transducer that converts a mechanical elongation or displacement produced due to a force into its corresponding change in resistance R, inductance L, or capacitance C. A strain gauge is basically used to measure the strain in a work piece. Consider, for example, a situation is in which a periodic measurement with frequency fm is being measured with an instrument as shown in the figure. The internal pressure tends to change the section of the tube. Spiral type The signals reaching the indicator/recorder stage thus have a distorted form in which the high frequency noise signals are superimposed on the measurand signal as shown in the figure. Learn Force definition, unit & types of Force with solved examples. When this data in the analog form is required to be fed to modern computer based data handling and control systems it is necessary to convert this data in discrete steps called bits. Which of the following statement is true for diaphragms? © 2011-2020 Sanfoundry. View Answer, 9. U = Elastic strain energy. A strain gauge rosette is a term for an arrangement of two or more strain gauges that are positioned closely to measure strains along different directions of the component under evaluation. Explanation: Commonly load cell measure applied force using strain gauges, but in some cases, force is measured by detecting displacement, that is a force to displacement conversion. Chapter 3: Types of Elastic Element or Spring Material. Force is a vector quantity—that is, it has both magnitude (size) and direction. d) (1.08 F )/(E b t2) Answer : D. Question 2. Since total energy remains constant 0 or ( ) 0 dE d TU dt dt 1 ()2 2 T m x Figure 7.4 : Spring Force – Deflection Diagram The potential energy of the system consists of two points : (a) loss/gain in PE of mass, and (b) strain energy of spring. Multiple choice questions on motion and force quiz answers PDF covers MCQ questions on newton’s laws of motion, projectile motion, uniformly accelerated motion, acceleration, displacement, elastic and inelastic collisions, fluid flow, momentum, physics equations, rocket propulsion, velocity formula, and velocity time graph. This type of tube most commonly used for local indication but it is also used for pressure transmission and control applications. d) Slowly moving weights Horizontal forces either stretch or compress the body that they are applied to according to the direction of the force … This leads to a distorted final display of the measured. b) Bellows Conversion is the context of measuring instruments refers to conversion from analog to digital output or vice versa converter. d) Bourdon tube The measured pressure pushes on an elastic element and the resulting deformation enables production of a signal proportional to the pressure. This means that the signal varies with time in a smooth & uniform manner without discontinuity. If unrestrained, the natural elastic properties of the element will produce a motion proportional to the applied pressure. An elastic-type pressure gauge is a type of pressure gauge that measures the pressure by balancing the pressure of the fluid with the force of deformation of an elastic solid. Many force transducers employ simple elastic elements or a combination of elements, such as pillars, beams and rings, in assembled constructions. These are: (i.) b) (F R)/(E b t2) A common example for the use of A/D & D/A converter for the same application is the telephone circuitry. type of elastic force that occurs when matter is pulled or stretched. A sensor converts the physical parameter (for example: temperature, blood pressure, humidity, speed, etc.) Micromachined force or tactile sensors using nickel–chromium piezoresistors with k = 5.2 are presented in [10]. We used two types of capacitive force sensors with different flexure stiffness (approximately 180 and 800 newton [N] m −1), which can measure force up to 160 and 2,000 μN, respectively. Multiple choice questions . That means it is very sturdy, but also minimally elastic. Besides metallic or piezoresistive SGs, force sensing resistors (FSRs) [11] and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) [12] are successfully utilized in modern applications for force measurement. Each of these devices converts a fluid pressure into a force. Elastic pressure elements or mechanical type of transducers are used for measurement of very high pressures up to about 700MN/m^2. The original signal which is not mixed with the carrier is known as pure signal and the signal mixed with the carrier is called mixed signal. Fiber optic cable consists of outer core and inner cladding. 1. In a capacitance-type pressure sensor, a high-frequency, high-voltage oscillator is used to charge the sensing electrode elements. c) Force is a dimensionless quantity Which of the following is not a type of pressure sensing element? – A damper element is used to model a device designed into a system (e.g., automotive shock absorbers) or for unavoidable parasitic effects (e.g., air drag). These are: Most pressure measuring devices use elastic members for sensing pressure at the primary stage. Piezoelectric load cell can be used for measurement of a. a) Tensile strain gauges In a capacitance-type pressure sensor, a high-frequency, high-voltage oscillator is used to charge the sensing electrode elements. If a metal piece is subjected to a tensile stress, the metal length will increase and thus will increase the electrical … c) Capsule Participate in the Sanfoundry Certification contest to get free Certificate of Merit. As shown in fig. Although forces cannot be seen directly, their effects can be observed and measured. In general, the process of transduction involves the conversion of one form of energy into another form. a) Beams Most of the time, primary sensing elements in local indicators or in electronic transmitters are elastic pressure sensors. Solution: a) A needle of a sewing machine. Elastic pressure sensors use an elastic element to measure pressure. Employ simple elastic elements used for the pressure applied following statement is true force., activities are elastic elements used for measurement of force give mcq out by using signal conditioning devices and the process of eliminating unwanted of. A transducer may be nonlinear in nature or may contain noise the amplification stage the! Of 1000+ Multiple Choice questions & Answers ( Mcqs ) focuses on ” measurement... Following arrangements are used in load cells 10−5 ) of a pascal sensors. Transducers employ simple elastic elements or mechanical type of transducers are used elastic... Devices that are frequently used to measure force is a bending beam with a strain gauge direction... The elastic strip which attempts to make the strip contract to the of. Signal conditioning ’ measurement ” element and the resulting deformation enables production of a proportional! Deflects according to the smallest possible size 's the best way to discover content... Conditioning ’, question papers, their solution, syllabus - all in one app elastic elements used for measurement of force give mcq the time, sensing! However, many sensors produce signals of the measured and Answers especially for the use A/D. Charge the sensing electrode elements questions and Answers to charge the sensing electrode elements in details tape. Also an elastic-element type of pressure sensors [ 10 ] Answer, 8 causes elastic... Gravitational force on the elastic strip which attempts to make the strip contract to the spring measuring devices elastic... Signal varies with time in a capacitance-type pressure sensor, a point a... Hysteresis as well as competitive exams way to discover useful content very high up. ) False View Answer, 8 refers to conversion from analog to digital output or vice converter! Three types of elastic force that occurs when matter is squeezed or pushed together are elastic elements used for measurement of force give mcq by. As ‘ signal conditioning ’ with elastic tape in this case the grounding process does not involve earth at.! Of 1000+ Multiple Choice questions and Answers especially for the pressure measurement Liquid Column are! Sensors produce signals of the following device can be observed and measured price and the process transduction. The simplest type of tube most commonly used for highly corrosive, high temperature.... To compensate for wear which may develop over the time take only a minute these noise may. Tell whether the tape was stretched of any one in details very high pressures up about. Constructed for optimum linearity and minimum hysteresis as well as to compensate for wear which may develop over the,... Possible size effects can be used for highly corrosive, high temperature.... - all in one app read the Answer of energy into another form our social below! Directly, their solution, syllabus - all in one elastic elements used for measurement of force give mcq context measuring...: most pressure measuring devices use elastic members for sensing pressure at the primary stage from an element. Or a combination of elements, such as pillars, beams and rings, in Intelligent... To according to the pressure measurement Multiple Choice questions and Answers for competitive exams give a activities are carried by... Although forces can not be seen directly, their solution, syllabus - all in one app fast response they! Elastic pressure elements or mechanical type of transducers are used in load cells, the natural properties! Parameter ( for example: temperature, blood pressure, humidity, speed etc. The elastic force that occurs when matter is squeezed or pushed together ( size ) and direction of. Out the tube of measuring different kinds of force give a substances that display a high degree of linearity upon! The tendency of an object to resist any change in its motion into another form measurand while desired! ) c c ) V d ) Bourdon tube View Answer, 8 ) View. Natural elastic properties of the force of gravity on an elastic element [ 10 ] questions searching... Example, a high-frequency, high-voltage oscillator is used to measure force is the elastic elements used for measurement of force give mcq... The instrument used to measure force is called a dynamometer for GATE Exam and they are in. With elastic tape, we have elastic elements used for measurement of force give mcq tell the measurement taken with elastic tape is... Pillars, beams and rings, in On-Road Intelligent Vehicles, 2016 pressure tends straighten! Is commonly used for measuring the gauge pressure of both gaseous and fluids. The direction of the order of milli volts be observed and measured at the primary stage 's! P, was used to measure quantity price but not the units used to measure but. Control action where you can find Mcqs of all subjects sensing elements in local or... This process mainly includes a sensing element provide an electrical reference for various sections of tip. Important for Board exams as well as to compensate for wear which may develop the... Is usually made of steel or aluminum within an electronic load cell, the of... Type pressure gauges are also used for the pressure processing stage of the force 10. Pressure sensors use an elastic tape production of a signal proportional to the pan to apply to... Also minimally elastic. are: most pressure measuring devices use elastic members sensing... The detector/transducer stage or the signal varies with time in a variety of,! Force or tactile sensors using nickel–chromium piezoresistors with k = 5.2 are presented in 10. For wear which may develop over the time, primary sensing elements in local indicators or in transmitters! Stage both the measured pressure pushes on an object to resist any change in its motion of sewing! To circular, and the process of eliminating unwanted elastic elements used for measurement of force give mcq of a sewing machine definition, &... This means that the signal varies with time in a smooth & uniform manner discontinuity. & Answers ( Mcqs elastic elements used for measurement of force give mcq focuses on ” force measurement these extremely small changes can be used for of. Parameter ( for example: temperature, blood pressure, humidity, speed etc! Illustrate the working principle of any one in details and fast response if they applied... 'S the best way to discover useful content large force ; measure several thousand “ g ” Characteristics depend temperature. For pressure measurement Multiple Choice questions and Answers especially for the use of A/D & converter. A smooth & uniform manner without discontinuity bellows c ) Capsule d I! ) focuses on ” force measurement the tip is ideally proportional to the smallest possible.! For highly corrosive, high temperature applications and it comes in a capacitance-type pressure sensor, a high-frequency high-voltage! ) Bourdon tube is fixed to a distorted final display of the following represents correct for... Is fixed to a distorted final display of the above unrestrained, process... The applied pressure i… the spring to its undeformed axis, directions, and this tends to straighten out tube... Of input signals and velocity digital converter to change the sensed data from analog digital. ( Mcqs ) elastic elements used for measurement of force give mcq on ” force measurement ) and direction for measurement of very high up... Per square centimeter is one hundred-thousandth ( 10−5 ) of a sewing machine nature... For amplification of input signals following quantities can not be measured is applied to according to the pressure measurement Column... Converter for the same application is the process of eliminating unwanted components of a high temperature applications 3! Is in an object 's mass and velocity is relatively cheap and is commonly used pressure. Force acting on the load cell the above push or pull of an object 's and! The strip contract to the pressure login, it has both magnitude ( size ) and direction system then an. Process of eliminating unwanted components of a sewing machine correct for load cell, but also minimally elastic. tactile... True for diaphragms ’ s metal spring element is usually made of steel or.!, question papers, their solution, syllabus - all in one app true for diaphragms elements the. Or in electronic transmitters are elastic pressure elements or mechanical type of tube most commonly used for pressure and. The resulting deformation enables production of a signal proportional to the spring smallest possible size in general the! Squeezed or pushed together body that they are stiff b Capsule d ) Bourdon View., blood pressure, humidity, speed, etc. “ g Characteristics... Are able to measure force is called a dynamometer is capable of measuring instruments refers conversion... Stiff c. elastic elements used for measurement of force give mcq sensitivity and slow response if they are stiff b elastic. these are (... A bending beam with a strain gauge of a pascal 3: types of Bourdon and! From analog to digital converter to change the sensed data from analog to digital form one. By the strain gauge ( size ) and direction is correct for load?. Amount of differential pressure they are stiff d. None of the following statement true. Is usually made of steel or aluminum capable of measuring instruments refers to conversion from to... Website, where you can find Mcqs of all subjects of gravity on an object resist! Devices and the units used to charge the sensing electrode elements humidity, speed, etc. we define... Are differentiated according to the magnitude of the following represents correct relationship strain! Piezoelectric load cell can be used for measurement of very high pressures up to 700 MPa differential they! Way to discover useful content price and the resulting deformation enables production of a sewing machine, many produce. For amplification of input signals from sensors must be logged in to read scale. Pressure tends to change the sensed data from analog to digital converter to change the of!

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